Penetration testers find security weaknesses in computer systems and networks before criminals do. You test defenses, identify vulnerabilities, and help organizations protect their data. The work is investigative and in demand. You can start with a high school diploma and on-the-job training.
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Penetration testers simulate cyberattacks on systems, networks, and applications to uncover security gaps. You conduct vulnerability assessments, document findings, and recommend fixes to strengthen defenses. The work involves hands-on testing, analysis, and problem-solving. You might test web applications, network infrastructure, or employee awareness through social engineering. You work closely with security teams and IT departments to help them understand and patch weaknesses before real attackers find them.
Core work activities
Career video courtesy of CareerOneStop.
Penetration Testers earn a median of $116,580 a year, based on 2025 data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Pay rises with experience, specialty, and location.
The outlook is strong. Employment is projected to grow 8 percent from 2024 to 2034, much faster than average for all occupations, with about 31,300 openings a year.
Top skills
Knowledge areas
Start with a high school diploma. Most penetration testers gain foundational knowledge through IT or cybersecurity training programs, then move into the role through hands-on experience. You'll build skills in networking, system administration, and security tools on the job. Many testers start in related IT roles like network administration or help desk work, then specialize in security testing. Continuous learning is essential as threats and tools evolve constantly.
Penetration testing offers multiple entry points depending on your background and pace. Whether you're coming from IT support or starting fresh in cybersecurity, Pathly can map the penetration tester path that fits you to map out your specific path with your counselor.
You do not need a license to work as a penetration tester, but professional certifications can strengthen your resume.
Common certifications
You're drawn to investigative work that involves solving puzzles and uncovering hidden problems. You enjoy technical challenges and thinking like an adversary to find flaws others miss.
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Last updated July 1, 2026.
Data sources. Career details from the O*NET 30.3 Database by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA), used under CC BY 4.0. O*NET® is a trademark of USDOL/ETA. Salary and outlook figures from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (May 2025 wages; 2024–2034 projections), delivered via the CareerOneStop API. Certification, licensing, wage, and outlook data from CareerOneStop, sponsored by USDOL/ETA and the Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development (DEED).